Overview | Climate and Geography | Demographics | Culture and Heritage | Language and Communication

Overview

Brief History

Formation and early history:

The roots of Greek civilization can be traced back to the Bronze Age with the emergence of the Minoan civilization on the island of Crete, around 2600 BC. This maritime empire, known for its grand palaces and vibrant frescoes, thrived on trade and navigation. Around 1600 BC, the Mycenaean civilization began on the Greek mainland, leaving behind fortified palaces and Linear B script tablets.

The subsequent Dark Ages saw the decline of these Bronze Age cultures, but by the 9th century BC, the seeds of classical Greek culture were being sown. The Archaic period (8th-5th century BC) was marked by the rise of city-states or 'poleis', with Athens, Sparta, and Corinth becoming dominant centers of power.

However, it was the Classical period (5th and 4th centuries BC) that truly underscored Greece's significance in world history. This era bore witness to remarkable advancements in art, philosophy, politics, and science. Thinkers such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle laid the foundations for Western philosophy. The mighty Persian Empire was repulsed in the Greco-Persian Wars, and the Delian League, under Athenian leadership, grew powerful.

The Hellenistic era that followed saw the vast conquests of Alexander the Great, who spread Greek culture across three continents. The influence of Hellenism persisted even after the Romans conquered Greece in 146 BC.

Recent history (20th and 21st century):

The 20th century was one of tumult and transition for Greece. The country saw its share of wars, with the Balkan Wars, World War I, the Asia Minor Catastrophe, and World War II leaving indelible scars on the national psyche. The German occupation (1941-1944) was particularly brutal, followed by a civil war between communist and nationalist forces, further destabilizing the nation.

The post-war period was marked by political instability, with periods of democracy being interrupted by military juntas, the most notorious of which lasted from 1967 to 1974. Democracy was finally restored in 1974, and the monarchy was abolished, making Greece a republic. The latter part of the century saw Greece join the European Community in 1981 and subsequently adopt the Euro in 2001.

However, the 21st century brought with it economic challenges. A severe financial crisis from 2008 onwards led to international bailouts and tough austerity measures. Although this period was fraught with social and economic challenges, Greece has shown resilience and is on a slow path to recovery.

Political Structure

Current government and political climate:

Greece operates as a parliamentary republic. The President, a role that is mainly ceremonial, is the head of state, representing national unity. Executive power is vested in the government, headed by the Prime Minister, the head of government. The Hellenic Parliament, a unicameral legislative body, holds the legislative reins.

Greece's political landscape has traditionally been dominated by two major parties: New Democracy (center-right) and PASOK (Panhellenic Socialist Movement, center-left). However, the financial crisis led to the emergence of SYRIZA (Coalition of the Radical Left) as a major political force, reflecting shifts in the country's political dynamics.

Relationship with the European Union:

Greece joined the European Union (then the European Community) in 1981, marking a significant step in its post-war foreign policy. The country adopted the Euro as its currency in 2001. While the EU-Greece relationship faced challenges during the financial crisis due to bailouts and austerity conditions, Greece remains an integral member of the union, advocating for southern European interests.

Economy

Overview of the economy and economic sectors:

Greece's economy, though diverse, heavily leans on its service sector, particularly tourism. The nation's rich historical heritage, coupled with its sun-soaked islands, makes it a magnet for tourists worldwide. Apart from tourism, shipping is another dominant sector; Greece has one of the world's largest merchant navies.

Agriculture, too, plays a significant role, with Greece being a major producer of crops like olives, grapes, and tobacco. Manufacturing, including food processing, textiles, and chemicals, also contribute to the economy.

Currency and economic stability:

The Euro (ï¿½) serves as Greece's official currency. The financial crisis that began in 2008 tested Greece's economic stability. Facing sovereign debt issues, Greece had to resort to three major bailouts from international creditors. The conditions attached to these bailouts, including austerity measures, have been the source of much debate and social unrest. However, in recent years, there's been a concerted effort to reform and stabilize the economy, with Greece showing signs of recovery.

Education and Healthcare

Overview of the education system:

Education in Greece is divided into primary, secondary, and tertiary stages. Compulsory education spans nine years, covering primary and lower secondary education. Greek students then either continue to academic high schools or vocational training institutes. Higher education comprises universities and technological educational institutes. Greek universities, like the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, enjoy international acclaim in various disciplines.

Healthcare system and facilities:

Greece offers a mix of public and private healthcare services. The National Health System (ESY) provides comprehensive health services to residents, either free or at a low cost. Urban areas boast state-of-the-art medical facilities, while some remote regions might have basic healthcare infrastructure. The quality of healthcare, especially in major cities, is on par with European standards.

Climate and Geography

Geography

Regions and their characteristics:

Greece, located at the southeastern tip of Europe, is predominantly mountainous, accounting for about 80% of its terrain. Its total land area spans approximately 131,957 square kilometers. Greece is divided into several regions, each with its distinct characteristics:

- Macedonia and Thrace: Located in the north, these regions are characterized by vast plains and high mountains. Mount Olympus, Greece's highest peak, lies in Macedonia and is steeped in mythological significance.

- Central Greece: This region is dominated by the Pindus mountain range, which stretches down to the central part of the country.

- Peloponnese: A large peninsula connected to the mainland by the Isthmus of Corinth, it's home to ancient ruins and high mountains.

- Aegean Islands: Comprising several islands such as the Cyclades, Dodecanese, and North Aegean islands, they're known for their beautiful beaches and rich history.

- Ionian Islands: Located off the west coast of the mainland, these islands have a distinct architectural and historical influence due to Venetian rule.

- Crete: The largest of the Greek islands, Crete boasts diverse landscapes ranging from sandy beaches to towering mountains.

Major cities and towns:

- Athens: The capital and the largest city, it's the historical and cultural heart of Greece, housing landmarks like the Acropolis.

- Thessaloniki: Greece's second-largest city, known for its festivals, events, and vibrant cultural scene.

- Patras: An important port city connecting Greece to Italy.

- Heraklion: The capital of Crete and a major urban center.

- Larissa: Located in the Thessalian plain, it's an important agricultural center.

Climate

Climate variations by region:

Greece enjoys a Mediterranean climate characterized by wet winters and hot, dry summers. However, there are variations:

- Coastal areas: Mild winters and hot, dry summers.

- Mountainous regions: Colder winters with snowfall and cooler summers.

- Northern regions: Experience colder temperatures during winter with potential for severe cold spells.

- Islands: Typically enjoy milder winter temperatures and a breeze during summer, which can be particularly refreshing.

Best times to visit:

Spring (April to early-June) and fall (September to October) are considered the best times to visit Greece. During these periods, the weather is pleasant, and the tourist spots are less crowded. Summer (July-August) is the peak tourist season, especially on the islands, but can be quite hot. Winter offers a unique charm, especially in the mountainous regions, which are popular for winter sports.

Demographics

Population

Population size and density:

By the latest available data, Greece's population is estimated at approximately 10.4 million residents. With a total land area of about 131,957 square kilometers, this gives Greece a population density of around 79 people per square kilometer. Over the years, Greece has witnessed a slowly declining population due to a combination of an aging populace, a low birth rate, and recent economic challenges which led many young Greeks to seek opportunities abroad.

Age distribution:

Greece's population has an older age profile. The median age is in the early 40s, indicating that the nation's populace is aging. The country has a higher proportion of individuals aged 65 and over, making it one of the countries with the highest median ages in Europe. This aging population poses challenges, especially in areas like healthcare and pension systems.

Ethnic Composition

Predominant ethnic groups:

The vast majority of Greece's population identifies as ethnically Greek. This homogeneous ethnic composition is a result of historical processes, including population exchanges with neighboring countries in the early 20th century.

Minority communities:

While Greece is predominantly Greek, there are small recognized minorities. The most significant is the Muslim Turkish minority residing primarily in Western Thrace. Other minority groups include the Romani, Albanians, and smaller communities from Asia and Africa, many of whom have come to Greece in recent decades due to migration and refugee movements.

Religion

Predominant religions and their influence on culture:

The dominant religion in Greece is Eastern Orthodox Christianity, with the Church of Greece being its primary representative. Orthodoxy plays a central role in the cultural and spiritual life of Greeks. Many traditions, holidays, and ceremonies are tied to the church, reflecting its historical and ongoing significance in Greek life.

Religious freedom and tolerance:

While the Eastern Orthodox Church holds a significant place in Greek society, the constitution guarantees freedom of religion. There are communities of Roman Catholics, Protestants, Jews, and Muslims in the country. Generally, there is religious tolerance, but occasional tensions might arise, primarily related to issues of historical or political significance rather than strictly religious differences.

Culture and Heritage

Traditional Customs

Festivals and holidays:

Greece is renowned for its plethora of traditional festivals and holidays, deeply rooted in its rich history and the Orthodox Christian faith. One of the most significant religious celebrations is Easter, which often surpasses Christmas in importance. It's marked by church services, processions, and traditional foods like lamb and the 'tsoureki' bread.

Another notable event is the Carnival (Apokries) leading up to Lent. It involves masquerade events, parades, and lively celebrations, with notable ones taking place in Patras and Xanthi.

Non-religious festivals like the August Moon Festival, celebrating the summer full moon with evening events at archaeological sites, and the Ochi Day on October 28th, commemorating Greece's resistance in WWII, also hold significant cultural importance.

Traditional clothing and cuisine:

Traditional Greek clothing, though not commonly worn in daily life, still holds symbolic value. The 'fustanella' (a kilt-like garment) for men and the 'amalia' costume for women are often seen during official ceremonies and folk dance performances.

Greek cuisine, known for its health benefits and rich flavors, includes staples like olive oil, feta cheese, and dishes such as moussaka, souvlaki, and tzatziki. Greece's culinary traditions are tied closely to its seasonal and regional produce, and meals are often considered a time for family gatherings and socialization.

Art and Architecture

Influential artists and architects:

Greece's art legacy is vast. From the classical sculptures like Phidias, who created the Parthenon's statue of Athena, to modern painters like Nikos Hadjikyriakos-Ghikas, Greek art has continually evolved. Architecturally, ancient builders and architects like Ictinus and Callicrates, who worked on the Parthenon, set standards that influence architecture globally even today.

Notable art movements and architectural styles:

Ancient Greek architecture is recognized for its orders: the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian, with temples like the Parthenon in Athens and the Temple of Apollo at Delphi showcasing these styles. Byzantine art and architecture, emerging later, gave birth to iconic domed structures like the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul.

Modern art movements in Greece were influenced by European trends but retained distinct Greek sensibilities. The 19th and 20th centuries saw the emergence of the Munich School and the Generation of the '30s, both of which left indelible marks on Greek art.

Music and Dance

Traditional music and dance forms:

Greek music and dance are integral to its cultural identity. Traditional music genres include rebetiko, often called the Greek blues, and the island tunes of nisiotika. Dances like the sirtaki, kalamatianos, and hasapiko are integral to local festivals and celebrations.

Contemporary music scene:

While Greece cherishes its musical traditions, it also embraces contemporary sounds. Artists like Maria Callas in opera and Mikis Theodorakis in contemporary music have achieved international acclaim. The annual Epidaurus Festival and Athens Festival are major events showcasing both traditional and modern performances.

UNESCO World Heritage Sites

Description of major heritage sites:

Greece is home to numerous UNESCO World Heritage sites. The Acropolis in Athens, with its ancient temples, is one of the most iconic. Delphi, once considered the center of the world in ancient Greek religion, and the medieval town of Rhodes are other notable sites. The monasteries of Meteora, perched atop natural stone pillars, represent a unique blend of natural beauty and architectural prowess.

Importance to culture and heritage:

These sites are not just tourist attractions but symbols of Greece's enduring legacy in shaping Western civilization. They're pivotal in understanding Greece's contributions to philosophy, art, architecture, and religion.

Language and Communication

Official Language

Predominance of Greek:

Greek is not just the official language of Greece, but also a testament to the countryï¿½s rich historical and cultural legacy. With its roots stretching back to the Mycenaean civilization, evidenced by the Linear B script from the 2nd millennium BC, the Greek language has contributed significantly to the lexicon of various fields, from sciences to arts. The modern Greek language, while evolved, retains many features of its ancient counterpart and continues to be a vital link to the nationï¿½s glorious past.

Regional languages:

Although Greek is the dominant language, there are pockets within Greece where other languages due to historical, ethnic, or migratory reasons are spoken. In regions like Western Thrace, Turkish is spoken by the Muslim minority. The Romani language is spoken among the Romani communities. Additionally, there are pockets of Arvanitika and Macedonian speakers, though these languages are now less prevalent and often limited to older generations.

English Proficiency

Level of English proficiency among the population:

Greece, recognizing the importance of English in global communication, has incorporated it into its educational curriculum. As a result, many Greeks, especially those in urban areas or from younger generations, have a functional grasp of English. It's particularly evident in tourist areas, where locals interact with international visitors.

English as a medium of instruction in schools:

While Greek remains the primary language of instruction in schools, there is an increasing number of private institutions and some university courses that offer programs in English, especially designed for international students or specialized fields.

Communication Style

Formality and informality in communication:

Greek communication is often direct, yet it retains a warmth and expressiveness. Gestures play a crucial role in Greek conversations. Personal relationships and trust are valued, so it's not uncommon for discussions, even business ones, to start with personal inquiries. Respect is crucial, especially towards elders.

Non-verbal communication cues and conventions:

Non-verbal communication is expressive in Greek culture. Eye contact is essential, indicating attentiveness and sincerity. However, some gestures may be unique. For instance, the upward nod of the head means 'no', while the moutza gesture (extending the arm out with the palm open and fingers spread) is a sign of disdain or dismissal.

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Economy Overview | Remote Work Conditions | Local Business Environment | Legal and Regulatory Environment | Transport and Infrastructure

Economy Overview

Economic Landscape

Overview of the economy, focusing on its stability and growth:

Greece's economy is a mix of modern industries and commerce along with a significant agricultural sector. Following the 2008 global financial crisis, Greece faced a sovereign debt crisis, resulting in multiple international bailouts. However, post-2018, the country started exhibiting signs of a gradual economic recovery, with a focus on fiscal consolidation, structural reforms, and attracting foreign investments.

Key industries and sectors and their contribution to the GDP:

- Services: Dominated by tourism, contributing approximately 20% to the GDP. Tourism is pivotal, with major destinations like Athens, Santorini, and Mykonos drawing millions of visitors annually.

- Industry: Comprises about 24% of the GDP, with sectors including food and tobacco processing, textiles, chemicals, metal products, mining, and petroleum.

- Agriculture: Accounts for around 3.4% of the GDP. Key products include wheat, corn, barley, olives, tomatoes, wine, tobacco, and potatoes.

Supplemental Table: Key Economic Sectors and Their Contribution

Sector	% Contribution to GDP
Services	20%
Industry	24%
Agriculture	3.4%

Bank of Greece - Economic Analysis

Job Market

Overview of the job market, including demand in different sectors:

Post-crisis, the Greek job market has seen fluctuations. There's been significant growth in the tourism and hospitality sectors, reflecting the country's standing as a top global destination. The IT sector, finance, and energy sectors are also seeing growth, offering opportunities for skilled professionals.

Unemployment rate and workforce demographics:

The unemployment rate peaked during the crisis but has been gradually decreasing, standing at around 16.5% as of the latest data. Youth unemployment remains a challenge, albeit improving. The majority of the workforce is employed in the service sector, followed by industry and agriculture.

Supplemental Information: Youth unemployment had reached highs of over 40% during the height of the crisis but has been on a downward trajectory thanks to various national and EU initiatives aimed at bolstering job opportunities for young Greeks.

ELSTAT - Hellenic Statistical Authority

Investment Climate

Investment opportunities and trends:

Greece's investment climate is becoming increasingly favorable. Key areas attracting foreign investment include real estate, especially with the "Golden Visa" program granting residency for significant property investments. Renewable energy, especially wind and solar projects, is another promising sector.

Government incentives for foreign investors:

Greece offers various incentives to attract FDI, including tax breaks, reduced bureaucracy for strategic investments, and grants through programs co-financed by national funds and the EU.

Enterprise Greece - Investment Incentives

Remote Work Conditions

Remote Work Culture

Prevalence of remote work in Greece:

The trend of remote work has been growing in Greece, primarily in sectors like IT, marketing, and customer support. The COVID-19 pandemic further accelerated this trend, with many companies adopting hybrid working models.

Attitudes towards remote work from employers and the workforce:

Initially, skepticism surrounded remote work among traditional businesses. However, the demonstrated benefits in terms of productivity and work-life balance have led to a more widespread acceptance.

Supportive Case Study: A 2020 study indicated that 60% of Greek companies believe remote work positively impacted performance during the pandemic lockdowns.

Study on Remote Work in Greece

Work-Life Balance

Expectations and norms around work hours and productivity:

Traditionally, Greeks work long hours, with a typical workweek spanning 40 hours. However, with the adoption of remote work, there's been a shift towards valuing productivity over hours clocked, fostering better work-life balance.

Support and infrastructure available for remote workers:

Digital nomads and remote workers in Greece benefit from coworking spaces, especially in cities like Athens and Thessaloniki. These spaces offer networking opportunities, reliable internet, and conducive work environments.

Co-working spaces in Greece

Internet and Technology

Internet connectivity and reliability across different regions:

While Athens and other major cities offer robust and high-speed internet connectivity, some remote islands or mountainous regions might have spottier coverage. On average, Greece's broadband speed is around 24 Mbps.

Availability of co-working spaces and their facilities:

Cities like Athens, Thessaloniki, and Heraklion in Crete have seen a surge in coworking spaces catering to both locals and international digital nomads. These spaces offer amenities like high-speed internet, conference rooms, and networking events.

Digital Nomad Facilities in Greece

Local Business Environment in Greece

Starting a Business

Procedures and requirements for starting a business:

Setting up a business in Greece has been streamlined in recent years, aiming to attract both local and foreign entrepreneurs. Initiating a business involves registering the company with the General Commercial Registry (GEMI), obtaining a tax identification number, and opening a bank account. Specific licenses may be required depending on the nature of the business.

Costs associated with starting a business, including taxes and fees:

While the cost varies based on the business type, generally, there's an initial registration fee, annual company tax, and VAT registrations. Greece has a corporate tax rate of 24% as of the latest data.

Costs for Starting a Business

Expense Type	Approximate Cost (ï¿½)
Registration Fee	100
Annual Company Tax	Variable (based on profits)
VAT Registration	No direct cost

Invest in Greece - Starting a Business Guide

Business Culture

Overview of business etiquette and cultural norms:

Business in Greece is grounded in personal relationships and trust. Face-to-face meetings are preferred over virtual interactions. Punctuality is valued, but negotiations can be lengthy, with a mix of formal discussions and socializing. Respect, especially towards senior figures, is crucial.

Language and communication style in a professional setting:

While Greek is the primary business language, English is widely spoken, especially among younger professionals and in sectors with international dealings. Communication tends to be direct, yet polite, with an emphasis on building rapport.

Supportive Information: Networking events and dinners play an essential role in Greek business culture, fostering a blend of professional and personal relationships.

Networking Opportunities

Availability of business networking events and groups:

Several chambers of commerce, industry associations, and networking groups operate in Greece. They frequently organize events, seminars, and mixers. International chambers, such as the American-Hellenic Chamber of Commerce, facilitate networking between local and foreign businesses.

Prominent industry conferences and trade shows:

Greece hosts several trade shows and conferences, especially in sectors like tourism, energy, shipping, and agriculture. The Thessaloniki International Fair is a prominent annual event attracting businesses from various sectors.

Thessaloniki International Fair

Legal and Regulatory Environment

Business Laws and Regulations

Overview of laws governing business operations:

Greece, being a member of the EU, aligns its business regulations with EU directives. Laws cover areas like company formation, labor relations, competition, and consumer protection. Regulatory authorities oversee the proper implementation of these laws.

Intellectual property rights and protections:

Greece has stringent intellectual property laws, safeguarding trademarks, patents, and copyrights. The Hellenic Copyright Organization (OPI) and the Industrial Property Organization (OBI) are the main bodies overseeing IP rights.

Hellenic Copyright Organization (OPI)

Employment Laws

Overview of labor laws, including contracts, wages, and working hours:

Greek labor law outlines the rights and obligations of employers and employees. A standard workweek is 40 hours, and overtime is subject to additional pay. The national minimum wage is revised periodically. All employees are entitled to annual leave, and there are provisions for maternity and sickness benefits.

Employee rights and employer obligations:

Employers are obligated to ensure workplace safety and provide necessary training. Employees have the right to join unions and engage in collective bargaining. Discrimination based on race, gender, or religion is prohibited.

Supportive Information: Greece has signed several international labor conventions, ensuring that its labor laws meet global standards.

Taxation

Overview of tax regulations for businesses:

Businesses in Greece are subject to corporate income tax, VAT, and other possible levies like real estate or special consumption taxes. Regular tax filing and audits ensure compliance.

Corporate tax rates and incentives for businesses:

The corporate tax rate stands at 24%. There are incentives for investments in sectors identified as growth drivers, such as R&D and tourism. These can come in the form of tax breaks or grants.

Greek Ministry of Finance - Tax Information

Transport and Infrastructure

Public Transportation

Overview of public transport availability and reliability:

Greece boasts a well-developed public transportation network, especially in urban regions. In cities like Athens, the Metro, buses, trams, and trolleybuses provide extensive coverage. The Athens Metro, in particular, is not only efficient but also offers glimpses of archaeological exhibits at some stations. Inter-city connections are maintained via a network of long-distance buses (KTEL) and a national railway system (OSE).

Costs associated with using public transportation:

Fares for urban transport modes like the Metro or buses are relatively affordable, with options ranging from single-ride tickets to multi-day passes. Inter-city transport, whether by bus or train, is priced based on the distance.

Approximate Transportation Costs in Athens

Transport Type	Single Ride	Day Pass
Metro	ï¿½1.40	ï¿½4.50
Bus	ï¿½1.40	ï¿½4.50
Tram	ï¿½1.40	ï¿½4.50

OASA - Athens Public Transport

Airports and International Travel

Major international airports and airlines operating in Greece:

Greece is well-connected internationally, mainly due to its status as a top tourist destination. The Eleftherios Venizelos Airport in Athens is the primary international gateway, serving numerous global carriers. Other significant airports include Thessaloniki, Heraklion (Crete), and Rhodes.

Connectivity with other countries and frequency of flights:

Given Greece's appeal as a tourist magnet, there are frequent flights to major European cities, North America, Asia, and Africa. During the tourist season, the frequency of flights to popular islands like Mykonos, Santorini, and Corfu increases substantially.

Supportive Information: Many international airlines increase their flights to Greece during summer, acknowledging the country's peak tourist season.

Road and Rail Infrastructure

Quality of roads and availability of rail networks:

Greece's road network is extensive, encompassing well-maintained highways and local roads. Major cities are connected via the national highway system. The rail network, managed by the Hellenic Railways Organization (OSE), offers passenger and freight services, although its reach is more limited than roadways.

Accessibility and connectivity between different regions:

While mainland Greece has robust connectivity, certain island regions might rely more on ferries or flights. The Rio-Antirrio bridge, one of the world's longest multi-span cable-stayed bridges, exemplifies the nation's infrastructural feats, connecting the Peloponnese with mainland Greece.

Hellenic Railways Organization (OSE)

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Cost of Living

Living Expenses

Average cost of housing, including renting and buying options in different regions:

The cost of housing in Greece varies based on the region and proximity to urban centers. Athens, being the capital, generally has higher rental and property prices. As per recent data, the average monthly rent for a one-bedroom apartment in the city center is approximately ï¿½500-ï¿½700. In contrast, outside the city center, it drops to around ï¿½400-ï¿½550. When it comes to purchasing property, prices in Athens can range from ï¿½1,500 to ï¿½3,000 per square meter, again based on location and property type.

Cost of essential services and goods, including groceries, dining, and entertainment:

Daily living expenses in Greece are reasonable compared to many Western European countries. A meal at an inexpensive restaurant may cost around ï¿½10-ï¿½15. Basic utilities for an 85m2 apartment average ï¿½150 per month. Groceries, including bread, milk, fruits, and vegetables, are widely available at competitive prices.

Supplemental Table: Average Monthly Living Expenses in Athens

Expense Category	Approximate Cost (ï¿½)
Rent (City Center)	ï¿½500-ï¿½700
Utilities	ï¿½150
Meal at a Restaurant	ï¿½10-ï¿½15
Internet (60 Mbps)	ï¿½30

Numbeo - Cost of Living in Greece

Income and Salaries

Average income levels across different sectors and regions:

Income levels in Greece are influenced by factors like industry, experience, and location. On average, the monthly net salary after tax in Athens hovers around ï¿½900-ï¿½1,100. Sectors like IT, finance, and engineering typically offer higher salaries, while regions with a lower cost of living might also have lower average salaries.

Income disparity and economic inequality:

While Greece's economy is recovering, disparities remain. The economic crisis impacted certain demographics more heavily, leading to income inequality. However, efforts are being made at both national and EU levels to address this through various programs and initiatives.

Healthcare and Facilities

Healthcare System

Overview of the healthcare system, including public and private sectors:

Greece offers a comprehensive healthcare system that blends public and private provisions. Public healthcare, funded through taxation and social insurance contributions, is accessible to all residents. While public hospitals and clinics provide essential services, there is also a thriving private healthcare sector, renowned for its high standards, particularly in major cities.

Availability and quality of medical services and facilities in different regions:

In urban areas like Athens, Thessaloniki, and Patras, healthcare facilities are top-notch, with specialized clinics and well-equipped hospitals. However, in some remote islands or rural areas, while basic healthcare is available, specialized treatments might require traveling to larger centers.

National Organization for Healthcare Services Provision (EOPYY)

Health Insurance

Health insurance options, including state, private, and international providers:

Most residents are covered under the national health insurance scheme, which offers treatments at public hospitals at no or minimal cost. However, many Greeks also opt for private health insurance, providing additional coverage or faster access to private healthcare providers. Numerous international providers also operate in Greece, catering especially to expatriates.

Costs associated with health insurance and medical services:

The costs for private health insurance vary based on coverage. Basic plans start from around ï¿½200 annually, with comprehensive coverage reaching upwards of ï¿½1,000. Out-of-pocket expenses for medical treatments in private facilities can be higher compared to public ones, but they offer quicker services and often more personalized care.

Comparative Health Insurance Plans in Greece

Education System

Schooling

Structure of the education system, including levels and curriculum:

The Greek education system is structured into three main parts: Primary (Dimotiko), Secondary (Gymnasio followed by Lykeio or Technical Vocational Schools), and Tertiary (universities and technical institutions). Primary education lasts six years, starting at the age of six. Secondary education, divided into two cycles, spans six years in total. Finally, tertiary education, provided by universities and polytechnics, usually lasts four to six years, leading to a bachelor's or master's degree.

Availability and quality of public and private schools, as well as international schools:

Public schools, funded by the government, offer free education and follow a nationally-set curriculum. Private schools are also available, with some offering international curricula like the International Baccalaureate (IB). Major cities, especially Athens and Thessaloniki, house international schools catering to expatriate communities. These schools often teach in English or other languages and are popular among families planning short-term stays in Greece.

Schooling Levels and Duration in Greece

Level	Age	Duration (years)
Primary (Dimotiko)	6-12	6
Lower Secondary (Gymnasio)	12-15	3
Upper Secondary (Lykeio/TVS)	15-18	3
Tertiary	18+	4-6

Greek Ministry of Education and Religious Affairs

Higher Education

Overview of universities and colleges, including admission requirements:

Greece is home to several esteemed higher education institutions. The National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, and the University of Crete are among the prominent ones. Admission to public universities is highly competitive, based on national exam scores. Private colleges, often affiliated with foreign universities, have their admission criteria.

Costs associated with higher education, including tuition and living expenses:

Public universities in Greece typically do not charge tuition for undergraduate programs for EU/EEA students, though there might be small fees for certain services. Non-EU international students might face tuition fees, which can range from ï¿½1,500 to ï¿½9,000 per year, depending on the course. Private institutions and postgraduate programs generally have higher fees. Living expenses for students, covering accommodation, food, transport, and miscellaneous costs, average around ï¿½700 to ï¿½1,000 per month.

Study in Greece Portal

Safety and Security

Crime Rate

Overview of crime rates in different regions and cities:

Greece is generally a safe country, with crime rates being lower than the European average. While Athens and other major cities have witnessed occasional pickpocketing or minor street crimes, violent crimes are rare. Tourist areas, due to the high footfall, might see petty crimes, but basic vigilance typically ensures safety.

Prevalence of different types of crimes, including petty and serious crimes:

Petty crimes like theft or scams are the most reported. However, the instances of more serious offenses, such as armed robbery or assault, are considerably lower. Greek police have been taking proactive measures, with special tourist police units in place in major destinations.

Supportive Information: Tourists and residents are advised to be cautious in certain parts of central Athens late at night, though the areas frequented by tourists are generally safe.

Hellenic Police - Safety Tips for Tourists

Emergency Services

Availability and reliability of emergency services, including police, fire, and medical:

Greece has a well-established emergency response system. The number "112" serves as a general emergency line, while there are dedicated numbers for specific emergencies: "100" for police, "166" for medical emergencies, and "199" for the fire department. These services are prompt and efficient, especially in urban areas.

Contact information and procedures for accessing emergency services:

When calling emergency services, it's essential to provide clear information about the location and nature of the emergency. In tourist-heavy areas, English-speaking dispatchers are usually available.

It's recommended for tourists to have the contact details of their country's embassy or consulate while staying in Greece.

Utilities and Services

Utility Services

Availability and reliability of utility services, including water, electricity, and gas:

Greece provides consistent and reliable utility services. The power grid covers the entire mainland and most islands, ensuring uninterrupted electricity. Clean and safe tap water is available across the country, with certain islands relying on desalination plants or water transportation during peak summer months. Natural gas is accessible in major cities and urban areas, expanding its footprint over the years.

Costs associated with utility services and payment methods:

Utility costs are influenced by consumption, property size, and region. On average, for a standard 85m^2 apartment, monthly utilities (electricity, heating, cooling, water, and garbage) might total ï¿½130-ï¿½170. Payment methods are varied, encompassing direct bank transfers, online payments, and in-person at service centers or banks.

Average Monthly Utility Costs

Utility Type	Approximate Cost (ï¿½ for 85m^2 apartment)
Electricity	ï¿½50-ï¿½70
Heating/Cooling	ï¿½40-ï¿½60
Water	ï¿½20-ï¿½25
Garbage	ï¿½10-ï¿½15

Hellenic Electricity Distribution Network Operator (DEDDIE)

Internet and Telecommunications

Internet service providers, plans, and reliability:

The telecommunication sector in Greece is robust, with several ISPs offering a range of packages. Leading ISPs include OTE (Cosmote), Vodafone, and Wind. Fiber optic connections, ADSL, and VDSL are widespread in urban areas. The internet is reliable, with urban areas benefiting from faster speeds compared to remote regions.

Availability of telecommunication services, including mobile networks:

Greece has extensive mobile network coverage, with 4G services covering most of the country. Major mobile operators include Cosmote, Vodafone, and Wind. Prepaid and postpaid options are available, with competitive pricing and comprehensive coverage, even on many islands.

Supplemental Table: Average Monthly Internet & Mobile Costs

Service	Approximate Cost (ï¿½)
Internet (60 Mbps)	ï¿½25-ï¿½35
Mobile Postpaid Plan	ï¿½15-ï¿½30

National Telecommunications & Post Commission (EETT)

Social Integration

Overview of societal norms and cultural integration:

Greeks are known for their warmth and hospitality, making integration relatively smooth for newcomers. Respect for traditions, active participation in local events, and an attempt to learn the Greek language can further enhance social integration. Building personal relationships is fundamental in Greek culture, which also plays a pivotal role in professional settings.

Attitudes towards immigrants and foreign residents:

Greece has a long history of migration, both inward and outward. While there have been challenges, especially during economic crises, the general attitude towards foreigners is positive, especially in cosmopolitan areas and regions frequented by tourists.

Communities and Networking

Availability of expatriate communities and social groups:

Major cities like Athens and Thessaloniki have thriving expatriate communities. There are clubs, organizations, and social groups catering to foreigners, offering a platform for networking, socializing, and mutual assistance.

Networking opportunities and social events for meeting new people:

Apart from expatriate-focused groups, there are numerous cultural, artistic, and recreational events held throughout the year in Greece. These events present excellent opportunities for networking and mingling with locals and foreigners alike.

Expatriates in Greece Community

Language and Communication

Importance of knowing Greek for social integration:

While many Greeks, especially the younger generation, speak English, learning Greek can significantly enhance one's integration experience. It not only eases daily transactions but also earns respect from locals, signifying an effort to embrace the culture.

Availability of language learning resources and courses:

Numerous language schools in urban areas offer Greek courses. Many universities also provide courses for non-native speakers, while online platforms and apps make it easier for individuals to learn at their pace.

Greek Language Courses in Athens

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Top Places to Visit

Historical Landmarks

Overview of significant historical landmarks and their importance:

Greece, the cradle of Western civilization, boasts a plethora of historical landmarks. The Acropolis in Athens, an emblem of classical Greek aesthetics, houses the iconic Parthenon. Delphi, once regarded as the center of the world in ancient Hellenic religion, holds the Temple of Apollo. Olympia, the birthplace of the Olympic Games, showcases ancient sports arenas. Mycenae and Knossos provide insights into the ancient Mycenaean and Minoan civilizations, respectively.

Location, accessibility, and visitor guidelines for each landmark:

Most historical landmarks are accessible via public transport, private vehicles, or organized tours. Visitor facilities like guides, audio tours, and information plaques are common. It's recommended to respect posted guidelines, especially in areas of archaeological significance.

Key Historical Landmarks

Landmark	Location	Significance
Acropolis	Athens	Classical Greek temple complex, UNESCO World Heritage
Delphi	Central Greece	Ancient religious sanctuary, UNESCO World Heritage
Olympia	Western Peloponnese	Ancient Olympic Games site, UNESCO World Heritage
Mycenae	Northeastern Peloponnese	Mycenaean civilization center, UNESCO World Heritage
Knossos	Crete	Minoan civilization palace complex

Greek National Tourism Organisation

Natural Attractions

Description of renowned natural attractions and landscapes:

Greece's natural beauty rivals its historical richness. The stunning beaches of the islands, like Mykonos, Santorini, and Rhodes, attract millions. The unique rock formations of Meteora, crowned with monasteries, are a testament to nature's artistry and human ingenuity. Samaria Gorge in Crete offers trekking through one of Europe's longest canyons.

Information on biodiversity, ecosystems, and conservation efforts:

Greece's diverse landscapes are home to various ecosystems. The country's commitment to conserving its unique biodiversity is reflected in its numerous National Parks and protected areas, such as the Vikos-Aoï¿½s National Park and Prespa National Park. Conservation efforts, both government-led and community-driven, ensure sustainable tourism.

National Parks of Greece

Museums and Cultural Centers

Insight into notable museums, galleries, and cultural centers:

The National Archaeological Museum in Athens houses treasures spanning millennia. The Museum of Cycladic Art delves into the ancient Cycladic civilization. Thessaloniki's Museum of Byzantine Culture offers insights into the Byzantine era, while contemporary art finds a home in the National Museum of Contemporary Art in Athens.

Types of exhibits, collections, and cultural representations:

From ancient sculptures, pottery, and jewelry to Byzantine icons, frescoes, and modern art installations, Greece's museums cover a vast temporal and thematic spectrum. Temporary exhibitions and international collaborations further enrich their offerings.

Museums of Greece

Activities and Festivals

Traditional Festivals

Overview of traditional festivals and their historical significance:

Greece's festivals mirror its rich culture. Easter, the most significant religious event, witnesses unique customs across the country. Carnival (Apokries) is celebrated with parades, costumes, and feasting. Panigiria, local saints' feast days, combine religious devotion with merriment.

Timing, locations, and customs associated with each festival:

Easter dates vary annually based on the Orthodox Church calendar. Carnival precedes Lent, while Panigiria dates differ according to local saints. Celebrations often include church services, processions, traditional music, dance, and food.

Greek Festivals and Events

Recreational Activities

Description of popular recreational activities available in different regions:

Greece's diverse landscapes facilitate a wide range of recreational activities. The islands and coastal areas, such as the Ionian and Aegean coasts, are perfect for water sports, including sailing, windsurfing, and diving. The mountainous regions of Epirus and the Peloponnese cater to trekking, rock climbing, and winter sports enthusiasts.

Recommendations for outdoor activities, adventure sports, and relaxation:

- Sailing: The Cyclades and Ionian islands are sailors' paradises, with companies offering yacht rentals.

- Diving: Dive into the underwater wonders near Santorini or Crete.

- Trekking: The Vikos Gorge in Epirus and the Mount Olympus trails cater to both casual walkers and experienced hikers.

- Skiing: Winter sports enthusiasts can head to Mount Parnassus or Pelion during the colder months.

Recreational Activities by Region

Region	Activities
Cyclades Islands	Sailing, Beach Volleyball, Diving
Epirus	Trekking, Canyoning, Rafting
Crete	Mountain Biking, Paragliding, Cave Explorations
Mount Parnassus	Skiing, Snowboarding, Winter Sports

Outdoor Activities in Greece

Nightlife and Entertainment

Overview of nightlife options, including clubs, bars, and live music venues:

From thumping nightclubs in Mykonos to laid-back beach bars in Paros and traditional music venues (rebetadika) in Athens, Greece's nightlife caters to varied tastes. Major cities like Athens and Thessaloniki offer a mix of sophisticated bars, rooftop lounges, and underground clubs. Traditional festivals often have late-night celebrations with folk music and dance.

Information on entertainment options like theaters, cinemas, and performance arts:

Greece has a rich theatrical tradition, with summer festivals showcasing ancient plays in venues like Epidaurus. Modern theaters in Athens and Thessaloniki stage contemporary Greek and international plays. Cinemas, both multiplexes and open-air variants, are popular, especially during summer.

Nightlife & Entertainment in Key Cities

City	Key Venues/Spots
Athens	Gazi District, Plaka, Odeon of Herodes Atticus
Thessaloniki	Ladadika District, Valaoritou Street
Mykonos	Little Venice, Super Paradise Beach
Rhodes	Old Town, Orfanidou Street

Athens & Epidaurus Festival

Seasonal Highlights

Seasonal Events and Celebrations

Insight into events, celebrations, and attractions available in different seasons:

Each season in Greece offers unique events and experiences. Spring witnesses Easter celebrations, with customs varying from island to island. Summer is festival season, with the Athens & Epidaurus Festival showcasing theatrical performances. Autumn brings grape harvests and wine festivals, especially in regions like Macedonia. Winter, though milder than northern Europe, offers skiing opportunities in mountainous areas.

Recommendations for the best time to visit based on interests and preferences:

- Culture Enthusiasts: Spring and summer for festivals and archaeological site visits.

- Beach Lovers: Late spring to early autumn for sunbathing, water sports, and island hopping.

- Adventure Seekers: Autumn for trekking, winter for skiing.

Events and Festivals Calendar

Weather and Climate

Overview of the climate in different regions and its impact on activities:

Greece enjoys a Mediterranean climate. Coastal areas have mild winters and hot, dry summers, while the interior can experience colder winters. The islands are typically sunnier and have a milder climate year-round. Activities can be chosen based on regional climate nuances.

Advice on weather-appropriate planning and packing:

Travelers are advised to pack light, breathable clothing for summers, especially if visiting islands or the coast. A hat, sunscreen, and hydration are summer essentials. For winter, especially if heading to the mountains, warm clothing, and appropriate footwear are crucial.

Greece Weather Guide

Sports

Popular Sports and Events

Overview of popular sports in Greece and notable sporting events:

Football (soccer) is unequivocally the most popular sport in Greece. The country's national team's victory in the 2004 UEFA European Championship remains a moment of immense national pride. Besides football, basketball holds significant attention, with the Greek Basketball League being one of Europe's top leagues.

Athletics has a deep-rooted connection to Greece, given its historical significance with events like the Marathon originating from Greek history. The Athens Classic Marathon is a tribute to this legacy. Water polo and volleyball have also seen Greek teams achieving success on the international stage.

Information on how to participate or attend sports events and matches:

To attend football matches or other sporting events, tickets can often be purchased online or at the venue. For participation in local sports clubs or amateur leagues, one can register with the relevant sports federations or local sports clubs. Greece also offers various sporting academies for young talents.

Key Sports and Leagues

Sport	Major Leagues/Events	Top Clubs/Teams
Football	Super League Greece	Olympiacos, PAOK, AEK Athens
Basketball	Greek Basket League	Panathinaikos, Olympiacos
Volleyball	Hellenic Volleyball League	Olympiacos, PAOK
Water Polo	Greek Water Polo League	Olympiacos, Vouliagmeni

Hellenic Football Federation

Outdoor and Adventure Sports

Description of available outdoor and adventure sports and their locations:

Greece's diverse landscapes make it an ideal destination for outdoor enthusiasts. Mountain biking in areas like Crete and Pelion, rock climbing in Kalymnos, and paragliding over the valleys of Epirus are among the offerings. For water-based adventures, one can enjoy windsurfing in Rhodes, kitesurfing in Paros, and scuba diving in the Ionian Islands.

Guidelines on participating, equipment needed, and safety precautions:

Each sport or adventure activity has its own set of safety protocols. Most adventure sports providers furnish participants with essential gear and ensure adherence to safety norms. However, it's always recommended to ensure the reliability of service providers and to familiarize oneself with basic safety measures.

Adventure Sports by Region

Region	Adventure Activities
Crete	Mountain biking, Canyoning
Kalymnos	Rock Climbing
Epirus	Paragliding, Rafting
Rhodes	Windsurfing
Paros	Kitesurfing
Ionian Islands	Scuba diving, Sailing

Greek Adventure Sports Association

Culinary Experience

Cuisine

Overview of traditional cuisine, including regional specialties:

Greek cuisine, renowned for its health benefits and rich flavors, encompasses a wide range of dishes. Staples include moussaka, souvlaki, tzatziki, and baklava. Each region boasts its unique specialties, like pastitsio in the North and dakos in Crete. Fresh seafood is a highlight in coastal areas and islands.

Recommendations for restaurants, eateries, and food experiences:

Greece offers a plethora of dining experiences, from traditional tavernas serving local dishes to upscale restaurants offering modern Greek cuisine. For a genuine experience, one should try local eateries or kafeneios.

Traditional Greek Recipes

Wine and Beverages

Insight into wine and beverage culture:

Wine has been an integral part of Greek culture for millennia. Regions like Santorini and Crete produce distinct wines. The spirit Ouzo, usually served with a splash of water or ice, is quintessentially Greek. Raki or tsipouro, often homemade, are other popular distilled spirits.

Recommendations for wine tours, tastings, and local beverages to try:

Many vineyards offer tours and tasting sessions. Nemea in the Peloponnese, for instance, is renowned for its red wines, while Santorini is celebrated for its white wines. When in Greece, sampling local beverages at traditional tavernas or ouzeries is a must.

Greek Wine Federation

Shopping and Souvenirs

Shopping Destinations

Overview of major shopping destinations and what they offer:

Greece is a haven for shoppers, blending the charm of ancient crafts with modern fashion. In Athens, Ermou Street and Kolonaki offer a mix of high-end boutiques and local stores. The islands, especially Mykonos and Santorini, are known for luxury shopping and artisanal crafts. Thessaloniki's Tsimiski Street is another shopping hotspot, combining international brands with regional specialties.

Recommendations for local markets, boutiques, and malls:

The Monastiraki Flea Market in Athens is perfect for trinkets and antiques. In Crete, the Heraklion market offers local produce and crafts. For a modern shopping experience, one can head to the Mall of Athens or Mediterranean Cosmos in Thessaloniki.

Shopping Destinations by Region

Region/City	Shopping Hotspots
Athens	Ermou Street, Monastiraki, Kolonaki, Mall of Athens
Thessaloniki	Tsimiski Street, Mediterranean Cosmos
Mykonos	Matoyianni Street
Crete	Heraklion Market, Chania Old Town

Shopping Guide to Greece

Local Crafts and Souvenirs

Description of local crafts, artisan products, and unique souvenirs:

Greece's artisanal heritage is reflected in its handcrafted products. Traditional items include ceramic pottery, handwoven textiles, and leather goods. Olive oil and its derivatives, such as soap, are coveted souvenirs. For lovers of jewelry, the "mati" or evil eye pendant is a popular choice.

Recommendations on where to buy authentic and quality products:

Authentic crafts can be found in local markets or specialized boutiques. When in islands like Rhodes or Santorini, seek out artisanal workshops. For olive oil, local producers or agrotourism ventures ensure quality and authenticity.

Popular Souvenirs and Where to Find Them

Souvenir	Best Places to Buy
Ceramics	Islands of Rhodes, Sifnos
Olive Oil	Crete, Peloponnese
Handwoven Textiles	Naxos, Crete
Evil Eye Jewelry	Athens, Mykonos, Most Tourist Shops

Handmade Greek Artisan Products

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Residency | Citizenship | Legal Representation | Financial and Tax Considerations

Residency

Types of Residency

Description of various types of residency permits and visas available:

Greece offers several residency options. The standard one is the National Visa for stays longer than 90 days, leading to a residency permit. There's also the Golden Visa program, granting residency to non-EU investors purchasing property worth at least ï¿½250,000. Other categories include permits for students, employees, and family reunions.

Eligibility criteria and requirements for each type of residency:

- National Visa: Requires valid travel insurance, proof of sufficient funds, and relevant documentation for the purpose of stay (e.g., employment contract for workers).

- Golden Visa: Requires property investment of at least ï¿½250,000, a clean criminal record, and health insurance from a Greek provider.

- Student Visa: Requires a letter of acceptance from a recognized Greek educational institution and proof of funds.

- Work Visa: Granted to individuals with a valid employment contract from a Greek employer, requires submission of qualifications, employment details, and proof of health insurance.

Types of Residency and Requirements

Residency Type	Key Requirements
National Visa	Travel insurance, proof of funds, purpose documentation
Golden Visa	ï¿½250,000 property investment, health insurance
Student Visa	Acceptance letter, proof of funds
Work Visa	Employment contract, qualifications, health insurance

Greek Immigration Services

Application Process

Step-by-step guide on the application process for obtaining residency:

- Initial Application: Applicants should visit the nearest Greek consulate or embassy in their home country to begin the process.

- Required Documentation: Depending on the type of visa/residency, gather all necessary documents such as financial statements, health insurance, and more.

- Biometrics: After arrival in Greece, biometric details will be collected.

- Residency Issuance: Once approved, applicants receive a residency card, valid for varying durations depending on the permit type.

Required documents, fees, and processing times for residency applications:

Documents, fees, and processing times differ depending on the type of residency. Generally, you will need a valid passport, application form, photographs, proof of health insurance, and relevant supporting documents for the residency purpose. Fees vary, but the Golden Visa, for instance, has an application fee of around ï¿½2,000. Standard processing times can range from a few weeks to several months.

Greek Visa Application Procedures

Rights and Obligations

Overview of the rights and obligations associated with having residency:

Residency permits allow holders to legally live in Greece, access healthcare, and work or study depending on the permit type. However, residents are obligated to abide by Greek laws, renew their permits as required, and inform authorities about changes in their circumstances (e.g., change of address).

Information on restrictions, limitations, and responsibilities of residents:

While residents can live and work in Greece, they may not have the full rights of a citizen, such as voting in national elections. Residents are also subject to Greek tax laws and must ensure they remain compliant with the conditions of their residency type.

Rights and Obligations of Foreign Residents

Citizenship

Eligibility Criteria

Overview of eligibility criteria for applying for citizenship:

Greece offers citizenship pathways through descent, naturalization, and certain residency programs. Naturalization is a common route, where non-EU residents can apply after living in Greece for seven consecutive years. Children born in Greece to foreign parents can acquire citizenship under specific conditions, especially if they've attended Greek schools.

Specific requirements regarding residency duration, language proficiency, and integration:

For naturalization, a key requirement is demonstrating ties to the country. This includes a basic understanding of the Greek language, history, and culture, often validated through interviews or tests. Additionally, the applicant should have a clean legal record and show financial stability.

Citizenship Eligibility Criteria

Criteria	Requirements
Residency Duration	7 consecutive years (generally)
Language Proficiency	Basic understanding of Greek
Integration	Knowledge of Greek history and culture
Legal Record	No criminal convictions
Financial Stability	Proof of income or employment

Greek Citizenship Procedures

Application Process

Step-by-step guide on the citizenship application process:

- Preparation: Gather all necessary documents, including proof of residency duration, language proficiency certificates, and financial records.

- Application Submission: Apply at the local municipality or community office where the applicant resides.

- Interview: Attend an interview that assesses integration and language skills.

- Approval: If all criteria are met and the application is approved, the applicant takes an oath of allegiance.

- Citizenship Certificate: The applicant receives a certificate of Greek citizenship.

Required documents, fees, and processing times for citizenship applications:

Documents include proof of residency, language proficiency certificates, birth certificate, and financial records. Fees can vary, but as a general reference, naturalization costs might be around ï¿½700-1,000. The process can be lengthy, potentially spanning several years due to bureaucratic procedures.

Greek Nationality Code

Rights and Obligations

Overview of the rights and obligations of citizens:

Greek citizens enjoy full rights, including voting in national elections, working and residing in any EU country, and accessing state services. They are also entitled to Greek passport issuance.

Information on dual citizenship, renunciation, and other relevant aspects:

Greece recognizes dual citizenship. However, citizens, especially male individuals, should be aware of mandatory military service obligations. If one wishes to renounce their Greek citizenship, it's a formal process involving the Ministry of Interior.

Rights and Obligations of Citizens

Rights	Obligations
Vote in elections	Abide by Greek laws
EU residency/work	Mandatory military service
Greek passport	Pay taxes

Rights and Responsibilities of Greek Citizens

Legal Representation

Legal Assistance

Importance of legal representation in the residency/citizenship process:

Having legal representation can significantly streamline the application process for both residency and citizenship. Lawyers are familiar with the intricacies of the system, can guide applicants through potential pitfalls, and ensure that all paperwork is correctly submitted.

Recommendations for finding and choosing immigration lawyers or consultants:

Look for lawyers specializing in immigration and citizenship matters. Referrals, online reviews, or associations like the Athens Bar Association can be useful. It's crucial to ensure the lawyer's credentials and get a clear understanding of fees upfront.

: Athens Bar Association ï¿½ Lawyers Directory

Legal Fees

Overview of legal fees and other associated costs in the application process:

Legal fees can vary based on the complexity of the case and the reputation of the lawyer. For citizenship or residency applications, fees can range from ï¿½1,000 to ï¿½5,000 or more. It's advisable to discuss all potential costs upfront and, if possible, get a written agreement.

Information on affordable legal services and consultations:

Some organizations offer pro bono services or legal aid for immigrants and refugees. The Greek Council for Refugees, for instance, provides legal assistance in certain cases.

Greek Council for Refugees

Financial and Tax Considerations

Financial Planning

Overview of financial planning considerations for new residents/citizens:

When moving to Greece or attaining citizenship, individuals should take into account various financial factors. These include understanding the banking system, considering currency exchange rates if they have foreign income, and getting to know the tax system. Greece has a progressive tax system, and residents may be taxed on their worldwide income, making understanding the intricacies crucial.

Information on opening bank accounts, accessing financial services, and managing assets:

Opening a bank account in Greece typically requires proof of address, tax identification number, and valid identification. Most banks in Greece offer services like savings accounts, loans, and online banking. When managing assets, it's recommended to consult with financial advisors, especially if you have assets outside of Greece, to understand potential tax implications.

Major Greek Banks

Bank	Services Offered
National Bank of Greece	Checking & Savings Accounts, Loans, Investments
Alpha Bank	Online Banking, Credit Cards, Mortgage Loans
Eurobank	Business Banking, Asset Management, Insurance
Piraeus Bank	Retail Banking, Investment Solutions, E-Banking

Bank of Greece ï¿½ Banking Supervision

Tax Obligations

Overview of tax obligations for residents and citizens:

Greek tax residents are taxed on their worldwide income. The system is progressive, with rates ranging from 22% to 45% for higher incomes. Apart from income tax, there's a solidarity contribution, property tax, and, for some, a capital gains tax. Non-residents are taxed only on income earned within Greece.

Information on income tax, wealth tax, and other relevant taxes:

Income tax is the most common form of tax, but residents also might be subject to inheritance tax, gift tax, and a special annual real estate ownership tax. The wealth tax is incorporated into the income tax system, with higher incomes facing higher tax rates.

Income Tax Rates

Annual Income (ï¿½)	Tax Rate
Up to 20,000	22%
20,001 - 30,000	32%
Over 30,000	45%

Greek Tax Administration

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Investment Outlook

Economic Overview

Overview of the current economic climate in Greece:

After a decade-long financial crisis, Greece's economy began showing signs of recovery with GDP growth and unemployment reduction. However, sectors like tourism, which contribute significantly to the economy, have faced challenges, especially due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The government has initiated reforms and investment programs to stimulate growth.

Key economic indicators, trends, and growth sectors:

Key indicators like GDP growth and unemployment have shown improvement. The tourism sector, real estate, energy, and agriculture are among the growth sectors in Greece. Moreover, Greece's strategic location makes it an essential hub for transportation and logistics.

Key Economic Indicators

Indicator	Statistic
GDP Growth	3.5% (approx.)
Unemployment Rate	14% (approx.)
Inflation Rate	1.5% (approx.)

Hellenic Statistical Authority

Market Trends

Analysis of prevailing market trends and investment opportunities:

Real estate in Greece, particularly in urban areas and islands, is attracting foreign investors. The renewable energy sector, especially wind and solar, has seen a surge in investments. Additionally, the tourism and hospitality sectors, despite challenges, remain lucrative for long-term investments.

Insight into emerging markets and sectors with growth potential:

Tech startups, agri-food businesses, and sustainable tourism projects are emerging as promising sectors. The Greek government is also promoting electric mobility, offering incentives for EV infrastructure developments.

Invest in Greece Agency

Foreign Direct Investment

Overview of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Greece:

FDI in Greece has been growing, especially in sectors like real estate, tourism, and energy. The Golden Visa program, offering residency for significant real estate investments, has boosted FDI in the property market.

Information on government initiatives and incentives for FDI:

The government offers tax incentives, streamlined licensing procedures, and special zones for strategic investments. There are also EU-funded programs that foreign investors can leverage for their projects in Greece.

FDI Inflows

Year	FDI Inflow (in ï¿½ billions)
2020	3.5 (approx.)
2021	4.2 (approx.)

Enterprise Greece ï¿½ Investment Incentives

Investment Risks

Economic Risks

Insight into potential economic risks and market volatility:

While Greece's economy shows signs of recovery, it's not without challenges. The prolonged financial crisis has left a mark, and external factors like global economic downturns or another Eurozone crisis could have significant impacts. Greece's high public debt, reliance on tourism, and slow bureaucratic procedures can pose economic risks to investors.

Analysis of economic stability, inflation rate, and currency exchange rate risks:

Greece, being in the Eurozone, benefits from the stability of the Euro. However, the inflation rate fluctuates depending on various factors like global oil prices and internal demand-supply dynamics. Any drastic changes in the Euro's value could affect investments in Greece, especially those reliant on imports or exports.

Economic Risk Indicators

Indicator	Statistic
Public Debt to GDP	174% (approx.)
Inflation Rate	1.5% (approx.)
Current Account Balance	-0.6% of GDP (approx.)

OECD Data on Greece

Political Risks

Overview of the political climate and potential risks to investments:

Greece's political landscape has stabilized in recent years, but historical political shifts and public sentiments against austerity measures have led to occasional protests. Any significant political instability, changes in government policies towards businesses, or shifts in Greece's relationship with the EU can pose risks to investors.

Information on government policies, regulations, and changes affecting investments:

While Greece is keen to attract foreign investments, there are regulatory hurdles investors should be aware of. Constantly changing tax laws, bureaucratic red tape, and a relatively slow judicial system can be challenges for businesses and investors.

European Commission - Greece Political Profile

Legal and Regulatory Risks

Overview of legal and regulatory considerations for investors:

The legal system in Greece is based on codified Roman law. While it provides comprehensive protections for investors, the judicial process can be prolonged. Regulatory risks arise from frequent changes in laws, especially taxation, and the complex processes associated with land usage and business operations.

Information on compliance, dispute resolution, and legal recourse:

Investors should ensure compliance with Greek laws and EU directives where applicable. Disputes are ideally resolved through dialogue and negotiation, but if they escalate, the court system, though slow, is the avenue for recourse. Arbitration is also an option, and Greece is a signatory to international arbitration treaties.

Key Legal Bodies

Entity	Function
Hellenic Competition Commission	Ensures fair market competition
Regulatory Authority for Energy	Oversees energy market and investments
Capital Market Commission	Regulates securities and capital markets

Hellenic Republic Ministry of Justice

Real Estate Market Outlook

Property Market Trends

Analysis of current trends in the real estate market:

Post-crisis, Greece's real estate market is witnessing a resurgence. Urban areas like Athens and popular islands like Mykonos and Santorini are seeing increased demand, both from locals and foreign investors, particularly driven by the Golden Visa program. However, rural areas remain subdued.

Insight into property values, demand, and supply in different regions:

Property values in urban centers and tourist hotspots have seen a rise, but in some rural areas, prices remain stagnant or are dropping. There's a noticeable demand-supply gap in popular urban areas, driving up prices.

Average Property Prices

Region/Area	Average Price (ï¿½)
Athens (city center)	2,500
Mykonos	7,000
Thessaloniki	1,700
Rural Areas	900

Bank of Greece - Real Estate Statistics

Investment Opportunities

Overview of investment opportunities in residential and commercial real estate:

Residential properties in urban centers are in demand, especially for rental purposes given the tourist influx. Commercial properties, particularly those catering to tourism (hotels, B&Bs), offer attractive investment returns. There's also interest in renovating older properties in historic districts.

Information on real estate development projects and investment platforms:

Several redevelopment projects are underway, particularly in Athens, transforming older buildings into modern residences or commercial spaces. Investment platforms like crowdfunding real estate sites also offer opportunities for foreign investors to tap into the Greek property market.

Enterprise Greece - Real Estate Opportunities

Property Financing

Overview of financing options for real estate investments:

Greek banks offer mortgages to both residents and non-residents, though terms might vary. Interest rates have become more favorable, but it's essential to have a good credit history. Loan-to-value ratios usually range from 60% to 70% for non-residents.

Information on mortgage rates, loan availability, and lending criteria:

Fixed and variable rate mortgages are available. As of the writing of this,, average mortgage rates hover around 3-4%. Lending criteria include proof of income, property valuation, and a positive credit history.

Bank of Greece - Mortgage Information

Property Ownership and Regulations

Ownership Structures

Overview of property ownership structures and options:

In Greece, properties can be owned outright by individuals, whether they are residents or non-residents. It's also possible to own through corporate structures, typically a Greek OE (Limited Liability Company). Owning through a corporate structure might be advantageous for tax or estate planning reasons.

Information on joint ownership, property companies, and investment funds:

Joint ownership or "synektiki kineti" is an option where multiple parties share property rights. Property companies are legal entities primarily established to buy, manage, and sell real estate. Real estate investment funds (REIFs) have been more prevalent in Greece, giving investors a pooled investment mechanism for real estate.

Common Ownership Structures in Greece

Structure	Ideal for
Individual Ownership	Single investors, family units
Joint Ownership	Married couples, business partners
Property Company (OE)	Large scale projects, commercial properties
Real Estate Investment Fund	Investors seeking diversification, pooled investments

National Cadastre & Mapping Agency - Property Rights

Legal and Regulatory Framework

Insight into the legal and regulatory framework governing property ownership:

Greece adheres to a legal system ensuring property rights. A robust legal framework underpins transactions, from due diligence to transfer of titles. The National Cadastre records property details, ensuring clear title deeds. For foreigners, it's essential to obtain clearance from local authorities, especially for properties near national borders or strategic locations.

Information on property rights, land use regulations, and zoning restrictions:

Land use is governed by strict regulations. Residential zones, commercial zones, and protected areas have clear demarcations. Especially on the islands, certain areas might have restrictions on types or sizes of constructions to preserve the natural and historical heritage.

Hellenic Republic - Building and Planning Regulations

Transaction Process

Step-by-step guide on the property transaction process:

- Step 1: Property Search

- Step 2: Engage a notary and lawyer for due diligence

- Step 3: Obtain tax registry number (AFM)

- Step 4: Sign a preliminary agreement and pay a deposit

- Step 5: Obtain necessary clearances (for non-residents)

- Step 6: Sign the final deed in front of a notary

- Step 7: Register the property at the local cadastre

Overview of required documents, fees, taxes, and due diligence:

Documents typically include the seller's title, tax certificates, and energy efficiency certificate. Transfer tax, notary fees, and legal fees are significant costs, usually totaling around 10-15% of the property value.

Transaction Costs Breakdown

Cost	Percentage of Property Value (Approx.)
Transfer Tax	3.09%
Notary Fees	1-2%
Legal Fees	1-2%
Real Estate Agent Fees	2-5%
Registration Costs	0.5-1%

Greek Property Transaction Guide

Taxation and Financial Regulations

Taxation on Investments

Overview of taxes applicable to investments in Greece:

Investments, depending on their type, attract different taxes. Property investments incur an annual property tax. Dividends from stock investments are subject to a 10% tax. Capital gains from property sales are taxed at rates up to 15%.

Insight into capital gains tax, dividend tax, and other relevant taxes:

Capital gains tax applies to profits from selling properties, with varying rates depending on ownership duration. Dividends from Greek companies have a 10% withholding tax. Interests from bank deposits are taxed at a 15% rate.

Tax Rates on Different Investments

Investment Type	Tax Rate
Property (Annual)	0.55% - 1.15%
Dividends	10%
Capital Gains (Property)	5-15%
Interest Income	15%

Hellenic Republic - Taxation

Financial Regulations

Overview of financial regulations affecting investments:

Greece, being a member of the EU, aligns its financial regulations with EU standards. Investors should be aware of rules concerning capital movement, reporting, and compliance. The Greek stock exchange and real estate market have their regulatory frameworks that ensure transparency and protect investors.

Information on compliance, reporting requirements, and financial disclosures:

Investors, particularly those with significant holdings or those operating through corporate structures, have reporting obligations. It includes annual financial statements, disclosures about significant shareholdings, and other relevant financial activities.

Hellenic Capital Market Commission

Tax Planning and Compliance

Insight into tax planning strategies and compliance requirements:

Efficient tax planning is vital to maximize returns on investments. Utilizing tax incentives, understanding double taxation treaties, and employing efficient structures can aid in reducing the tax burden. Annual tax returns and regular compliance checks ensure investors remain in the good books of tax authorities.

Information on tax benefits, incentives, and deductions available to investors:

Greece offers several tax incentives for investments, especially those boosting employment or contributing to economic growth. Deductions are available for certain types of investments, and specific regions or sectors might have additional incentives.

Invest in Greece - Tax Incentives

Key Sectors for Investment

Tourism and Hospitality

Overview of the sector:

Greece's geographical diversity, rich history, and cultural heritage make tourism a key sector. With over 30 million tourists annually pre-COVID-19, there's a consistent demand for hotels, resorts, and other hospitality services.

Investment opportunities and trends:

Ecotourism, wellness tourism, and luxury travel are emerging trends. Opportunities lie in boutique hotels, eco-resorts, and luxury spas. The yacht charter business and culinary tourism, celebrating Greek cuisine, also present potential.

Tourism Statistics (2019)

Metric	Value
Total Tourists	33 million (approx.)
Total Revenue	ï¿½19 billion (approx.)
Average Spend	ï¿½570 per visit (approx.)

Greek Tourism Confederation

Renewable Energy

Overview of the sector:

Greece, with its abundant sunshine and potential for wind energy, is keen on expanding its renewable energy portfolio. The country aims to achieve 35% of its energy consumption from renewable sources by 2030.

Investment opportunities and trends:

Solar parks, wind farms, and hydroelectric projects are of interest. The government offers incentives, including feed-in tariffs and tax benefits, for renewable energy projects.

Renewable Energy Capacity

Energy Source	Installed Capacity
Solar PV	3 GW (approx.)
Wind	4 GW (approx.)

Hellenic Association of Photovoltaic Companies

Agriculture and Food Processing

Overview of the sector:

Agriculture has traditionally been a significant sector for Greece. The Mediterranean climate is conducive for growing a variety of crops, including olives, grapes, and citrus fruits.

Investment opportunities and trends:

The trend is towards organic farming and high-quality processed food products. Investing in olive oil production, wine-making, and dairy products offers potential. Exporting branded Greek food products, tapping into the global demand for Mediterranean cuisine, can be lucrative.

Supplemental Table: Agricultural Production

Product	Annual Production
Olives	2 million tons (approx.)
Wine	3.5 million hectoliters (approx.)

Hellenic Food Authority

Technology and Start-ups

Overview of the sector:

Greece's tech scene is evolving, with Athens emerging as a hub for start-ups. The country produces a sizable number of STEM graduates and there's a growing interest in entrepreneurship.

Investment opportunities and trends:

Opportunities lie in e-commerce, fintech, health tech, and agritech. The government, in collaboration with the EU, provides grants and funding options for tech start-ups.

StartTech Ventures - Greek Start-up Ecosystem

Maritime and Shipping

Overview of the sector:

Given its strategic location and extensive coastline, Greece has historically been a maritime nation. It's one of the global leaders in shipping, with Greek-owned ships comprising a significant portion of the world's total tonnage.

Investment opportunities and trends:

There's potential in modernizing ports, enhancing logistics infrastructure, and investing in maritime technology. Eco-friendly shipping solutions and expanding the yacht tourism sector are also areas of growth.

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Accounting Experts

Navigate the complexities of real estate finances with our trusted Accounting Experts in Greece. From tax optimization to financial reporting, they ensure your investments remain profitable and compliant.

Company Name	Website	Email	Phone Number
HLB Greece	https://www.hlb.gr/audit-and-assurance/	[email protected]	302106772981
Grant Thornton Greece	https://www.grantthornton.global/en/service/tax/corporate-and-business-tax/	[email protected]	302107280000
Accace Greece	https://accace.com/outsourcing/accounting/	[email protected]	42123255300
Tax Support	https://www.taxsupport.gr/logistikes/	[email protected]	302108981633
Dimicro S.A.	https://dimicro.gr/services.html	[email protected]	302106811011
KPMG Greece	https://kpmg.com/gr/el/home/services/audit.html	[email protected]	302106062100

Legal Professionals

Our Legal Professionals in Greece safeguard your real estate transactions with meticulous attention to legal intricacies. Whether it's property acquisitions, contracts, or dispute resolution, they offer comprehensive legal support.

Company Name	Website	Email	Phone Number
Bernitsas Law	https://bernitsaslaw.com/lawyers	[email protected]	+30 210 339 2950
PotamitisVekris	https://www.potamitisvekris.com/practice-areas/banking-finance-capital-markets/	[email protected]	+30 210 338 0000
Koutalidis Law Firm	https://www.koutalidis.gr/practice-areas/administrative-and-environmental-law/	[email protected]	+30 210 360 7811
A. & K. Metaxopoulos & Partners	https://www.metaxopouloslaw.gr/οι-συνεργάτες-μας/	[email protected]	+30 210 725 7614
KLC Law Firm	https://www.klclawfirm.com/legal-practices/	[email protected]	+30 210 726 4500
Kyriakides Georgopoulos Law Firm	https://kglawfirm.gr/practice-areas/	[email protected]	+30 210 817 1500
Andreas Voltis Law Office	https://www.voltislaw.gr/practice-areas/	[email protected]	+30 211 400 9633
Andersen Legal	https://gr.andersenlegal.com/practices/	[email protected]	+30 210 362 6971

Residency and Citizenship Advisors

Gain strategic insights into Greece's residency and citizenship programs with our Advisors. They facilitate seamless transitions, offering guidance on investment requirements and legal pathways to residency or citizenship.

Company	Website	Email	Company Phone
KMD Law firm & Associates	https://kmdlaw.gr/service/ekdoseis-adeion-paramonis-se-allodapoys-ependytes-idioktites-akiniton/	[email protected]	302102445795
Iason Skouzos TaxLaw	https://www.taxlaw.gr/kladi-ikonomias/tourismos/	[email protected]	302103633243
Tsianakas and Associates Law Firm	https://tsianakaslaw.gr/fields-of-expertise/	[email protected]	302106438276
Machas & Partners Law Firm	https://www.machas-partners.com/immigration/	[email protected]	302107211100
Property Founders	https://www.propertyfounders.gr/en-US/goldenvisa2.html	[email protected]	302168009848
Greek Residency	https://greekresidency.com/golden-visa/the-greek-residency-law/	[email protected]	302160006888

Property Management Teams

Optimize property performance with our Property Management specialists in Greece. From tenant relations to maintenance and financial management, they ensure your assets operate smoothly and profitably.

Company	Website	Email	Company Phone
Divine Property	https://divineproperty.com/	[email protected]	+30 21 0988 8685
SKLAVENITIS SA - 2S ARCHITECTS	https://www.sklavenitis.co/services	[email protected]	+30 21 4100 9998
Kentriki - Savills Hellas	https://www.kentriki.gr/services/property-management	[email protected]	302106996311
Cerved Property Services SA	https://www.cervedpropertyservices.com/el/services/corporate-real-estate	[email protected]	302118809390
Arcus Real Estate	http://www.arcusrealestate.gr	[email protected]	302109302828
Prosperty	https://theprosperty.com/landlords/	[email protected]	+30 21 0681 2500
Estia Developments	https://www.estiadevelopments.com/projects/	[email protected]	302114112112

Finishing Specialist and Interior Decorators

Transform spaces into captivating environments with our Finishing Specialists and Interior Decorators in Greece. They bring creativity and precision to every detail, enhancing the aesthetic appeal and value of your properties.

Company	Website	Email	Company Phone
SKLAVENITIS SA - 2S ARCHITECTS	http://www.sklavenitis.co	[email protected]	306944399966
MK Technical Office & Interior Design	https://mktexnikografeio.gr/services/	[email protected]	+30 21 1413 0237
UPHILL Development	http://www.uphill-development.com	[email protected]	306984953290
Klearchos Maleas Architects&Designers	https://www.adarch.gr/portal/ypiresies	[email protected]	302106725371
2p architects	https://2parchitects.com/about-us/	[email protected]	+30 23 7302 4999
Kledora	https://kledora.com/services	[email protected]	302103417864
CRETE HOMES	https://www.crete-homes.com/company-2/	[email protected]	+30 +302841028804

Furnishing Experts

Create inviting living spaces with our Furnishing Experts in Greece. They curate bespoke furniture solutions that blend style and functionality, elevating the appeal and comfort of your residential or commercial spaces.

Company	Website	Email	Phone
SKLAVENITIS SA - 2S ARCHITECTS	https://www.sklavenitis.co/services	[email protected]	306944399966
MK Technical Office & Interior Design	http://www.mktexnikografeio.gr	[email protected]	+30 21 1413 0237
Klearchos Maleas Architects & Designers	https://www.adarch.gr/portal/ypiresies	[email protected]	302106725371
ArchiTechnics	https://www.architechnics.gr/services	[email protected]	306972849844
Sustain	https://sustain.gr/interior-design-fit-outs/	[email protected]	302106746640

Relocation and Moving Services

Facilitate seamless relocations with our comprehensive Moving Services in Greece. From logistics to packing and settling-in assistance, our experts ensure a stress-free transition for individuals and businesses alike.

Company Name	Website	Email	Phone Number
Allied Moving Services	https://allied-greece.com/international-moving/	[email protected]	302106104494
Celebrity International Movers	https://celebrity.gr/relocation-services/	[email protected]	302102720106
Teletrans	https://teletranseu.com/what-we-do/individuals/vehicle-transfer/	[email protected]	302106647080
Matrix Relocations	https://matrixrelo.com/moving/	[email protected]	302118000660
KAE International Movers	https://kaeintlmovers.com/moving-services/	[email protected]	302109217711
Earth Relocation	https://earthrelocation.com/services/international-moving/	[email protected]	18555532784
Orphee Beinoglou International	https://beinoglou.gr/services/19	[email protected]	302109466100
MoveOne Relocations	https://www.moveoneinc.com/relocations/	[email protected]	97144385300

Insurance Providers

Protect your investments with tailored insurance solutions from our trusted Providers in Greece. Whether it's property, liability, or asset coverage, they offer peace of mind against unforeseen risks.

Company Name	Website	Email	Phone Number
Ethniki, Hellenic General Insurance	ethniki-asfalistiki.gr	[email protected]	+302109099000
Generali Hellas	generali.gr	[email protected]	+302108096100
Hellas Direct	hellasdirect.gr	[email protected]	+302122229999
Lloyd's Greece	lloyds.com	[email protected]	+302103639156

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